Layering spices
Adding spices at different stages of cooking so each contributes a different note.
Also: building flavour, spice layering, staged seasoning
Layering means seasoning in stages. Whole spices go in early, in hot fat, to build a base. Ground spices follow, briefly bloomed or cooked with the aromatics. Fresh ingredients, citrus, herbs and delicate spices such as garam masala or kasuri methi come at the end, because their volatile aromas would be lost with long cooking. Each stage contributes something: depth, body or brightness. Thai cooks do the same with curry paste at the start, fish sauce midway and herbs last. The method gives complex food without more ingredients. A taste at the end often reveals which layer is missing, such as acid or fresh herb.