Spice route
The sea and land networks that carried spices from Asia to Africa and Europe for over four thousand years.
Also: spice routes, maritime spice trade, incense route, silk and spice
The spice routes were a web of overland caravan paths and sea lanes connecting India, the Moluccas, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia with Arabia, East Africa, Egypt, Greece, Rome and later Europe. Cinnamon, pepper, cloves, nutmeg and ginger moved through intermediaries at Muscat, Aden, Alexandria, Venice and Istanbul, each adding a profit. Roman sailors learned to use the monsoon winds to reach Malabar, and pepper appears in Roman customs records. Arab, Gujarati, Chinese and Malay merchants shaped the trade long before Europeans arrived. When the Portuguese reached India in 1498 by sea, they began a contest for control that lasted centuries.